tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1283206797979824442024-03-06T12:02:41.678-08:00Indonesian Rainforests Steffie Kohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09950888892686117275noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-13156719020914497272013-11-27T03:38:00.000-08:002013-11-27T11:39:22.774-08:00Map of Study Area<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">General Map of Indonesia (5 Islands)<img alt="Map of Major Indonesia Islands" height="377" src="http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia_palmoil/images/map1.jpg" style="text-align: center;" width="640" /></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">5 Islands of Indonesia</em><span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">. N.d. Photograph. USDAWeb. 27 Nov 2013. <http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia_palmoil/>.</span></span></span><br />
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<li><span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">Specific Map of Indonesian Rainforests</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><em style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">RAINFOREST LOCATIONS MAP</em><span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">. N.d. Photograph. Indonesian Rainforest FoundationWeb. 27 Nov 2013. <http://www.indonesianrainforest.org/indonesian-rainforest/rainforest-locations-map/></span><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">.</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02123844601365087299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-68297516582584537532013-11-27T02:46:00.000-08:002013-12-04T12:04:38.573-08:00Historical State of the Ecosystem<span style="line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Historically, Indonesia has been one of the world’s largest archipelagos, consisting of over 18,000 islands between the Pacific and Indian Ocean, and is home to the largest expanse of Rainforests in all of Asia. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #444444; line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Indonesian Rainforests hold the most crucial ecological stands of tropical rainforest in the world. Their extremely rich biodiversity in the world and keeping of affluent amount of carbon out of our atmosphere contribute to our environment significantly.</span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Biodiversity</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The forests have 10% of the world's mammal species, 16% of bird species, and 11% of all plant species. In addition, the forests hold over 3,000 different types of timber. Moreover, their endemism level of 40 demonstrates the ecosystem contains unique plants/animal species. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indonesian Rainforest is a home for animals such as orangutans, tigers, elephants, and rhinos. </span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Carbon Storage</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indonesian Rainforests have a large carbon-storage capacity. Particularly, the peat in the region acts like a "carbon sponge" in addition to the trees.</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-661bfce9-97a3-702a-73e0-e3f588eedbf7" style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1] Elephants in Indonesian Rainforests</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">Photograph. Canopy: Transforming Business for our planet Web. 27 Nov 2013. <http://canopyplanet.org/what-we-do/protecting-ancient-forests/indonesias-rainforests/>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[2] Orangutan in Indonesian Rainforests</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">Irvine, Georganne. <i>Orangutans in Indonesian rainforests.</i> N.d. Photograph. Orangutan Foundation International Web. 27 Nov 2013.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;"><</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">http://www.orangutan.org/rainforest/indonesian-forest-facts></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">[3] Peatlands</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">Zamroni, Ahmad. </span><em style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">Peatland in Indonesia</em><span style="line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">. N.d. Photograph. The GurdianWeb. 27 Nov 2013. <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/feb/18/indonesia-peat-palm-oil>.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02123844601365087299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-16387687611262001812013-11-27T02:05:00.000-08:002013-11-27T12:15:33.896-08:00Benefits from the RainforestsIndonesian Rainforests are major suppliers of:<br />
-Palm Oil<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://climatevoices.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/palm-oil-indonesia_1123171c.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: Climate-Connections</td></tr>
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- As the largest producer of palm oil in the world, these plantations span over 31,640 square kilometers on the Indonesian islands. Since year 2000, the sizes of these factories have tripled in size. (3)<br />
-Indonesia alone provides an estimated amount of 45 million tons of palm oil and an average of 18 million annually. (3)<br />
-Palm oil is only the second most profitable export for Indonesia, with rice paddy reigning first.<br />
-Agriculture is one of the leading forces for employment, providing for over 41% of all employment in Indonesia and ⅔ of all rural household income. (3)<br />
-Production is expected to increase by 32% by 2020. (3)<br />
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-Tourism:<br />
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-As the demand for nature-based tourism increases, Indonesian rainforests are assisting in generating higher numbers of revenue. In 2004, Indonesia received over 5.3 million visitors which led to a gain of nearly US $4.8 billion dollars and the numbers have only increased since then (1). The increase in attention towards these tropical paradises have also led to large attention towards critical environmental issues that can be found in these gorgeous location.<br />
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Steffie Kohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09950888892686117275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-85068445542815307092013-11-27T02:02:00.000-08:002013-11-27T12:16:30.411-08:00Human Impact of the EcosystemUnfortunately, Indonesia’s rainforests have one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world. Due to the increasing demand for commodities such as palm oil, pulp, paper, and plywood, the rainforests have been dealing with rapid clearcutting, estimating over a million-2.8 million hectares lost annually. (2) The lands are rapidly being demolished due to the struggle between small-scale farmers seeking to support their families and livelihoods and international corporations who desire the goods, commodities and services that the rainforests provide.<br />
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<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FOpbKl-Fi_8l6iYNzmb7quK1PwsfAtyCI3OVXjnZCfHS1oKfZIGmSaVFyM5OY-mkcK05MBpA_F13GI-7L8riEDBefVMts5mJT0Y61sU9qk23rdNI8ShTr5zH" /><br />
Source: CNN<br />
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The rampant deforestation has already led to the loss of over an estimated 72% of the original clearing (2). The techniques implemented to clear the forests have led to high emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, as well as an increase in greenhouse emission due to the deforestation. Furthermore, the smoke from the slash-and-burn technique, has led to heavy pollution, with the heavy smoke often shutting down regional traffic, inducing public health alerts, and interfering with city life. The palm oil plantations and factories located near the rainforests have further damaged the territory with its usage of pesticides and factory run-off.Steffie Kohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09950888892686117275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-15405533578083573752013-11-27T01:53:00.001-08:002013-12-04T12:05:18.335-08:00How Can We Improve the Human Impacts on the Ecosystem?<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2954545454545454; margin-bottom: 11pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In order to reduce human impacts, which destroys the ecosystems, on Indonesian Rainforests </span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>sustainable forestry industry and related manufacturing</b></span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the most essential. Especially sustainable forestry management within the pulp and paper industry is significant since it can ensure the development of Indonesia’s economy at the same time preserving the treasure of rainforests.</span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-661bfce9-9a94-5502-de72-641dcdc27cb8"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Three elements crucial to sustainable forestry management are <i><b>(1) strong government leadership (2) zero tolerance for illegal wood with the implementation, and (3) NGO’s partnerships in active conservation program.</b> </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Strong government</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Strong government is necessary to ensure companies that work in the forestry industry to comply the government’s regulation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Zero Tolerance for Illegal Wood</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">- When the government takes a firm stance toward the illegal logging, which is the biggest problem in the rainforests, it would have positive effect on preserving the ecosystems in the regions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Partnerships of NGOs in conservation programs</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- in addition to the regulations and enforcement, for the future protection of the ecosystem, people's awareness and participation is crucial</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- NGO's involvement in conservation projects could bring public's attention and lead to investment and participation in conservation programs.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #444444; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With these three efforts, Indonesian Rainforests which contain the world most diverse ecosystem could be saved.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">source: Gunawan, Hendra. "Preserving Indonesian Rainforests."</span><i style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">Jakarta Globe</i><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -48px;">. 01 08 2011: n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. <http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/preserving-indonesian-rainforests/>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02123844601365087299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-82526678157936788332013-11-27T01:01:00.001-08:002013-11-27T12:17:15.472-08:00Status & Future of Rainforests<h2>
Protected Areas in Indonesia's Rainforests</h2>
In the early 1980's, the Indonesian government began to apply and strengthen its nature conservation policies to create and form the foundation for Indonesia's current national parks system. This movement was largely influenced by the UNDP/FAO National Parks Development Project, the first Environmental Management Act, and the third Worlds Park Congress held in Bali in 1982, which pressured the various governmental departments into taking action. (6)<br />
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This lead to the development of various protected areas in large regions of Indonesia, such as Sumatra, and the formation of national parks, such as the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and Gunung Leuser National Park.. These forest areas were to be preserved for watersheds, conservation or limited production. Unfortunately, despite the government's attempts, massive deforestation continued to occur.<br />
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Due to unfair nepotism and corruption within the government, much of Indonesia's lands were given as concessions or sold in business deals to large business operations. Businessmen, government officials, politicians and workers have gained large sums of money for the deforestation, urbanization and construction in the rainforests. Illegal logging grows rampant as the rainforests continue to be taken over by plantations and factories. Therefore, it has been difficult to prevent the rapid loss of these forests in Indonesia.<br />
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Future of the Rainforests</h2>
Fortunately for these Indonesian rainforests, massive attention has been directed towards these areas due to its high levels of biodiversity and its role as home for many endangered species.<br />
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Hundred of millions of dollars have been generated in international causes in support of preservation and conservation of these rainforests. Awareness is being spread due to the help of organizations such as Greenpeace International, Rainforest Action Network, the Indonesian Rainforest Foundation, RSPB, and more.<br />
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Many documentaries have been made to spread awareness of the rapid loss of rainforests that have occurred in Indonesia.</div>
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Fortunately, in recent years, efforts have been made to implement a new model for protected area management, particularly in Indonesia. Due to the efforts of conservation-focused entrepreneurs and businessmen, Sukianto Lusli, Agus Budi Utomo and Yusup Cahyadin, the Harapan Rainforest on the island of Sumatra has become the first and only operational restoration program in Indonesia. This system has proven to be beneficial for protecting threatened habitats, restoring biodiversity and supplementing the existing network of protected areas of these rainforests. Indonesia is currently in the process of developing 40 additional areas to this framework. (8)<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="266" src="http://www.orangutan.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/rainforest.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Harapan Rainforest. Source: www.indonesien.um.dk</td></tr>
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<br />Steffie Kohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09950888892686117275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-128320679797982444.post-42486895842267422742013-11-26T11:51:00.001-08:002013-11-27T03:53:54.417-08:00References<br />
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1. Charters, Tony, and Elizabeth Saxon. <i>A Practical Guide to Good Practice for Tropical Forest-Based </i><br />
<i> Tours</i>. N.p.: Conservation International, 2013. Print.<br />
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2. Colfer, Carol J. Pierce., Nancy Lee. Peluso, and See Chung. Chin. <i>Beyond Slash and Burn: Building on </i><i>Indigenous Management of Borneo's Tropical Rain Forests</i>. Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A.: New York Botanical Garden, 1997. Print.<br />
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3. <i>The Economic Benefit of Palm Oil to Indonesia</i>. Rep. Arlington, VA: World Growth, 2011. Print.<br />
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4. Gaveau, D., H. Wandono, and F. Setiabudi. "Three Decades of Deforestation in Southwest Sumatra: <br />
Have Protected Areas Halted Forest Loss and Logging, and Promoted Re-growth?" <i>Biological </i><br />
<i> Conservation</i> 134.4 (2007): 495-504. Print.<br />
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5. Gunawan, Hendra. "Preserving Indonesian Rainforests." <i>Jakarta Globe </i>1 Aug 2011. Print.<br />
<span style="text-indent: -48px;"><br />6. "Indonesia." Rainforest Conservation Fund RSS. Rainforest Conservation Fund RSS, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. <http://www.rainforestconservation.org/rainforest-primer/4-case-studies-in-tropical- </span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -48px;"> deforestation/c-south-and-southeast-asia/4-indonesia/>.</span><br />
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<span style="text-indent: -48px;">7. "Indonesian Rainforests." </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 32px; text-indent: -48px;">Rainforest Action Network. Rainforest Action Network, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.</span></div>
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8. "Saving the Rainforest with a Groundbreaking Protected Area Management Model." IUCN. IUCN, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Nov. 2013 <br />
<http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/pas_gpap/gpap_perspective/? 12675/Saving-the-rainforest-with-a-groundbreaking-protected-area-management-model>.<br />
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9. Sukardjo, Sukristijono. "Indonesian tropical rainforests and climate change<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; text-indent: -48px;">." </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; text-indent: -48px;">Jakarta Globe</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; text-indent: -48px;"> 28 Aug. 2010: Print.</span><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Thomas P Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, Stephen A Vosti, Julie Witcover, "Agricultural development </span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> with rainforest conservation: methods for seeking best bet alternatives to slash-and-burn, with</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> applications to Brazil and Indonesia", Agricultural Economics, Volume 19, Issues 1–2, 1 </span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> September 1998, Pages 159-174</span><br />
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Steffie Kohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09950888892686117275noreply@blogger.com0